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COVID-19 加强针： 您需要了解的信息
上次更新时间： 2021年11月3日 | 7 分钟阅读时间
在新加坡，我们的疫苗接种强化计划已经开始实施，首先接种对象是 50 岁以上的老年人和中度至重度免疫力低下者。
什么是加强针？
COVID-19加强针是指在完成两剂疫苗接种后，对COVID-19的保护作用随着时间的推移而减弱的人再接种一剂COVID-19疫苗。
加强针并非新现象。它们常用于流感等病毒感染以及甲型肝炎等其他疾病。大多数疫苗接种增强剂与之前的剂量相同，但有些疫苗接种增强剂经过改良，以提高其效力。
为什么需要接种 COVID-19 加强针？
有些人可能会问，加强针的引入是否意味着目前的 COVID-19 疫苗不够有效。事实并非如此。虽然 COVID-19 疫苗能够有效预防 COVID-19 及其变种，但保护水平会随着时间的推移而降低。接种加强针可以提高个人的免疫水平，增强对 COVID-19 的保护。
以色列卫生官员表示，第二剂辉瑞-BioNTech 疫苗在接种 6 个月后效果下降，因此有必要接种加强剂以提高保护水平。同样，有证据表明，接种 2 剂 Sinovac 的 CoronaVac COVID-19 疫苗后，抗体水平较低，在 3 到 6 个月内，所有年龄组的抗体水平都会迅速下降，到 6 个月时会恢复到接种前的水平。 有必要接种第三剂科冕疫苗，以增加抗体并加强对 COVID-19 的免疫保护。
除普通人群外，癌症患者、移植患者和接受免疫抑制治疗的患者等免疫力严重低下的人群尤其需要接种 COVID-19 加强针。这是因为这类人对疫苗接种的免疫反应不如一般人群强烈。加强注射有助于将他们的免疫反应提高到足够的水平。
不过，数据显示，虽然对 COVID-19 感染的保护作用在 6 个月后会减弱，但即使在 6 个月后，对 COVID-19 及其传染性更强的变种来说，针对严重疾病、住院和死亡的免疫保护作用仍然很高。包括世界卫生组织（WHO）科学家在内的科学家最近在《The Lancet》上进行的一项研究得出结论，目前疫苗所产生的免疫反应足以抵御目前的变种。此外，人体的免疫系统除了抗体外，还有其他防御功能，即使在抗体水平下降后，也能继续保护个人不患重病。这也使得这些科学家们认为，目前普通大众并不需要加强注射疫苗。此外，这些加强注射的保护持续时间还有待观察。
COVID-19 的加强针何时上市？
包括新加坡在内的许多国家已经开始为其民众注射 COVID-19 加强针。以色列是第一个在七月底为本国居民接种加强针的国家，并开始为60岁以上的成年人接种辉瑞-生物技术公司生产的第三针疫苗。最近，以色列又将接种资格扩大到 12 岁以上的人群。在美国 900 多万人口中，约有 260 万人接种了第三针辉瑞生物技术疫苗。美国也已开始为其人口提供辉瑞-生物技术和 Moderna 强化剂。其他开始提供加强剂的国家包括印度尼西亚、泰国和柬埔寨。
新加坡也开始提供加强注射。强烈建议所有人接种 mRNA 疫苗作为加强剂（除非因过敏或心肌炎等医学原因无法接种）。对于因医疗原因不能接种 mRNA 疫苗的人，应考虑接种非 mRNA 疫苗，如 Sinovac-CoronaVac 或 Sinopharm。
COVID-19加强针对COVID-19及其变种有效吗？
以色列推出的加强针剂研究结果表明，与只注射两针的人相比，辉瑞-生物技术公司生产的第三针剂可显著提高 60 岁及以上人群的保护能力，使其免受感染和患重病。研究显示，注射辉瑞-BioNTech 加强剂后，感染 COVID-19 的风险降低了 11.4 倍，患严重疾病的风险降低了 10 倍多。
同样，辉瑞-BioNTech 疫苗背后的公司进行的一项早期试验的初步数据显示，第三剂疫苗提供的针对 COVID-19 病毒以及 Beta 和 Delta 变种的中和抗体显著提高。
COVID-19 加强针安全吗？
辉瑞公司和 BioNTech 公司最近公布的数据表明，其第三剂疫苗接种的副作用通常为轻度至中度，此类副作用的发生频率与第二剂疫苗相似或更好。接种者最常见的副作用包括注射部位疼痛、疲劳、头痛、肌肉和关节疼痛以及发冷。如果接种疫苗后出现过敏反应或过敏性休克，或心肌炎或心包炎，则不应接种 COVID-19 加强针。
我应该在什么时候接种COVID-19加强针？
在新加坡，那些接种过两剂 mRNA 疫苗作为主要疫苗系列的人建议在接种第二剂 mRNA 疫苗至少 5 个月后再接种一剂 mRNA 疫苗加强剂。另一方面，免疫力低下者则建议在接种第二剂 mRNA 疫苗 2 个月后再接种第三剂。对于接种过两剂华卫康或国药的人，第三剂应在第二剂后90天接种。
我可以使用不同的疫苗接种加强针吗？
在新加坡，接种过两剂 mRNA 疫苗的人可以选择辉瑞生物科技公司和 Moderna 公司的 mRNA 疫苗作为加强针。因此，加强接种的 mRNA 疫苗不必与前两剂 mRNA 疫苗为同一品牌。已经接种过两剂 Sinovac-CoronaVac 或 Sinopharm 但能够接种 mRNA 疫苗的人建议接种 PSAR mRNA 疫苗，作为初级疫苗接种系列的第三剂。
卫生部不建议使用 Sinovac-CoronaVac 或 Sinopharm 作为疫苗接种的加强剂。但由于医学原因（如对 mRNA 疫苗过敏）而无法接种 mRNA 疫苗者除外。
是否每次出现新的 COVID-19 变异株时都必须接种加强针？
目前还不清楚是否会针对不同的 COVID-19 变异株注射多次加强针。此外，目前的数据显示，虽然由于 COVID-19 变异体的增加，突破性感染似乎在增加，但目前的疫苗仍然有效，尤其是在预防住院和死亡方面。
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Brown, K. V. (2021, August 22). Will vaccines be updated for Delta? Bloomberg. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-08-22/coronavirus-daily-will-vaccines-be-updated-for-delta-variant.
Bugos, C. (2021, September 3). What will COVID booster shot side effects be like? Verywell Health. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-to-expect-for-covid-19-booster-side-effects-5200232.
Callaway, E. (2021, August 5). COVID vaccine Boosters: The most important questions. Nature. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02158-6.
Chew, H. M. (2021, August 27). Are vaccine booster shots necessary? What we know about a possible 3rd covid-19 jab. CNA. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid19-vaccines-booster-third-shot-what-you-need-know-2136941.
Chew, H. M. (2021, September 3). Singapore to offer COVID-19 vaccine booster shots to seniors, some immunocompromised people. CNA. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-vaccine-booster-shots-seniors-immunocompromised-elderly-care-homes-2154791.
Elangovan, N. (2021, October 2). Healthcare and frontline workers likely to receive covid-19 vaccine booster shots: MOH. TODAYonline. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/healthcare-and-frontline-workers-likely-receive-covid-19-vaccine-booster-shots-moh.
Gale, J. (2021, August 30). An Israeli study finds that a COVID booster shot curbs the risk of serious illness. Fortune. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://fortune.com/2021/08/30/covid-booster-shot-pfizer-biontech-israel-prevent-serious-illness/.
Hermesauto. (2021, August 26). US plans covid-19 booster shots at six months instead of eight: WSJ. The Straits Times. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/us-plans-covid-19-booster-shots-at-six-months-instead-of-eight-wsj.
Hermesauto. (2021, September 6). Israel to present Covid-19 booster shot data to FDA experts. The Straits Times. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-to-present-covid-19-booster-shot-data-to-fda-experts.
Lach, C. (2021, August 12). Cambodia starts vaccine booster drive to shore up COVID-19 defence. Reuters. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/cambodia-starts-vaccine-booster-drive-shore-up-covid-19-defence-2021-08-12/.
Lennon, A. (2021, July 19). Are COVID-19 vaccine boosters the way forward? Medical News Today. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/are-covid-19-vaccine-boosters-the-way-forward.
Lim, V. (2021, September 24). Singapore to expand COVID-19 vaccine booster programme to cover those aged between 50 and 59. CNA. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-expand-covid-19-vaccine-booster-programme-aged-between-50-and-59-2199531.
Lovelace Jr., B. (2021, September 13). Data shows Covid booster shots are 'not appropriate' at this time, U.S. and international scientists conclude. CNBC. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/13/covid-booster-shots-data-shows-third-shots-not-appropriate-at-this-time-scientists-conclude.html.
Mahmud, A. H. (2021, August 19). Singapore 'very likely' to have a COVID-19 vaccine booster Exercise: Ong Ye Kung. CNA. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-very-likely-have-covid-19-vaccine-booster-exercise-ong-ye-kung-2123471.
Ministry of Health. (2021, September 24). Expert Committee on COVID-19 Vaccination recommends a booster dose of MRNA COVID-19 vaccines for persons aged between 50 and 59 years, six months after completion of their primary series. Ministry of Health Singapore. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/expert-committee-on-covid-19-vaccination-recommends-a-booster-dose-of-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-for-persons-aged-between-50-and-59-years-six-months-after-completion-of-their-primary-series_24September2021.
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases. (2021, September 1). COVID-19 vaccine booster shot. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/booster-shot.html.
Pan, H., Wu, Q., Zeng, G., Yang, J., Jiang, D., Deng, X., Chu, K., Zheng, W., Zhu, F., Yu, H., & Yin, W. (2021). Immunogenicity and safety of a third dose, and immune persistence of CoronaVac vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 Years: Interim results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.23.21261026
Pfizer Inc. (2021, August 25). Pfizer and BioNTech initiate rolling submission of supplemental Biologics license application to U.S. FFA for booster dose of COMIRNATY in individuals 16 and older. Pfizer. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-initiate-rolling-submission.
Roy, M. (2021, August 17). Pfizer submits initial data FOR COVID-19 vaccine booster authorization. Reuters. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/pfizer-biontech-submit-data-fda-covid-19-vaccine-booster-authorization-2021-08-16/.
Tan, C. (2021, August 31). Covid-19 booster jabs: Some may not get same vaccine from earlier shots. The Straits Times. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/covid-19-booster-jabs-some-may-not-get-same-vaccine-from-earlier-shots.
Today. (2021, September 14). No need for a vaccine third jab booster: Study. TODAYonline. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.todayonline.com/world/no-need-vaccine-third-jab-booster-study?cid=tdy+tg_tg-pm_social-msging-free_09102018_today.
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