Medulloblastoma - Symptoms & Causes

What is medulloblastoma? 

A medulloblastoma is a type of malignant (cancerous) brain tumour that originates in the cerebellum, a region at the lower back of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and other motor functions. 

Medulloblastoma is more commonly found in children compared to adults. These tumours are classified as a form of primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), which refers to tumours found in the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain or spinal cord. 

Medulloblastomas are considered highly aggressive, requiring prompt and comprehensive treatment.

How fast does it spread? 

Medulloblastoma is known for its fast-growing nature and aggressive behaviour. The tumour can quickly invade surrounding brain tissue and has a high propensity to spread (metastasise) through the cerebrospinal fluid, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord. This can result in the tumour disseminating to other areas within the central nervous system. In advanced cases, the tumour can metastasise outside the central nervous system, although this is less common.

What are the symptoms of medulloblastoma? 

The symptoms of medulloblastoma can vary depending on the tumour's size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include: 

• Headaches that are often worse in the morning or after sleeping, due to increased pressure in the skull. 
• Nausea and vomiting particularly in the morning, associated with raised intracranial pressure. 
• Problems with walking, clumsiness, or unsteadiness. 
• Double vision or abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). 
• Drowsiness or fatigue caused by increased intracranial pressure or the tumour's effect on brain function. 
• Seizures in some cases

What causes medulloblastoma? 

The exact cause of medulloblastoma is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors.

What are the complications of medulloblastoma? 

Medulloblastoma and its treatment can lead to several complications, including the following: 

• Hydrocephalus can result from this condition, which refers to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and requiring surgical intervention. 
• Neurological deficits can result from this condition, including long-term effects on motor skills, speech, and cognitive function, particularly if the tumour affects critical brain areas. 
• Recurrence can happen even after treatment for medulloblastoma, often necessitating additional therapy. 
• Secondary cancers can result from the use of radiation therapy used to treat medulloblastoma. 
• Endocrine disorders can result from treatment, particularly radiation to the brain. Such disorders can affect the pituitary gland, leading to hormonal imbalances.

How do you prevent medulloblastoma?

Currently, there are no known methods to prevent medulloblastoma, as the exact cause is not well understood. However, early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Genetic counselling and testing may be recommended for families with a history of inherited conditions associated with a higher risk of medulloblastoma.